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| c. 1000 |
| | | A trading centre at Mapungubwe, on the Limpopo, evolves into a state ruled by a king in a zimbabwe | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | | The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe displaces Mapungubwe as the dominant Shona power in this region of southern Africa | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | | The Maravi Confederacy is formed by Bantu tribes and soon wins control over a large region between Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi | |
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| 1488 |
| | | Bartolomeu Dias, sailing for the king of Portugal, becomes the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope | |
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| 1498 |
| | | Vasco da Gama reaches the southern coast of India, at Calicut, after sailing across the Indian Ocean from east Africa | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique | |
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| 1652 |
| | | Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope | |
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| 1657 |
| | | The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work | |
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| c. 1775 |
| | | Dutch nomads, pressing far north from Cape Town, become known as the Trekboers | |
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| c. 1795 |
| | | Dutch Boers begin calling themselves Afrikaners, to emphasize that Africa is their native land | |
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